# What is Java Beans?
Answer:
Java Beans are reusable
components. They are used to separate Business logic from the Presentation
logic. Internally, a bean is just an instance of a class.
JSP’s provide three basic tags for
working with Beans.
<jsp:useBean id=“bean name”
class=“bean class”
scope = “page | request | session
|application ”/>
#
How to use Java Beans
Answer:
To use
a bean in a JSP page, three attributes must be supplied - an id, which provides
a local name for the bean, the bean's class name, which is used to instantiate
the bean if it does not exit, and a scope, which specifies the lifetime of the
bean.
There are four scopes available - page,
request, session, and application. A page-scoped bean is available only within
the JSP page and is destroyed when the page has finished generating its output
for the request. A request-scoped bean is destroyed when the response is sent.
A session-scoped bean is destroyed when the session is destroyed. An application-scoped
bean is destroyed when the web application is destroyed.
This example retrieves a session-scoped bean
and makes it available using the id myBean. The bean is
automatically created if it does not exist:
<jsp:useBean id="myBean" class="com.mycompany.MyBean"
scope="session" />
If it is
necessary to initialize the bean after it is created, the initialization code
can be placed in the body of the jsp:useBean action. The
body will not be executed if the bean already exists. Here is an example:
<jsp:useBean id="myBean2"
class="com.mycompany.MyBean" scope="session">
<%-- this body is executed only if the bean is created --%>
<%-- intialize bean properties --%>
<jsp:setProperty name="myBean2" property="prop1"
value="123" />
</jsp:useBean>
The value of
a bean property can be included in the generated output using the jsp:getProperty action:
<jsp:getProperty name="myBean" property="prop1"
/>
<jsp:getProperty name="myBean" property="prop2"
/>
The jsp:useBean action also declares a local Java variable
to hold the bean object. The name of the local variable is exactly the value of
the id attribute. Here is an example that accesses the bean within a scriptlet:
<%
if
(myBean.getProp1() % 2 == 0) {
out.println("<font
color=\"red\">"+myBean.getProp1()+"</font>");
}
else {
out.println("<font
color=\"green\">"+myBean.getProp1()+"</font>");
}
%>
Here is the
bean used in the example:
package
com.mycompany;
public
class MyBean {
//
Initialize with random values
int
prop1 = (int)(Integer.MAX_VALUE*Math.random());
String prop2 = ""+Math.random();
public
int getProp1() {
return prop1;
}
public
void setProp1(int prop1) {
this.prop1 = prop1;
}
public String getProp2() {
return prop2;
}
public
void setProp2(String prop2) {
this.prop2 = prop2;
}
}
# Java Beans and Servlets/JSPs
Answer: Integrating Servlets and JSP Pages
The JSP specification presents two approaches for
building web applications using JSP pages: JSP Model 1 and Model 2
architectures. These two models differ in the location where the processing
takes place. In Model 1 architecture, as shown in Figure 2, the JSP page is
responsible for processing requests and sending back replies to clients.
Figure 2: JSP Model 1 Architecture
The Model 2 architecture, as shown in Figure 3,
integrates the use of both servlets and JSP pages. In this mode, JSP pages are
used for the presentation layer, and servlets for processing tasks. The servlet
acts as a controller responsible for processing requests and creating
any beans needed by the JSP page. The controller is also responsible for
deciding to which JSP page to forward the request. The JSP page retrieves
objects created by the servlet and extracts dynamic content for insertion
within a template.
Figure 3: JSP Model 2 Architecture
This model promotes the use of the Model View
Controller (MVC) architectural style design pattern. Note that several
frameworks already exist that implement this useful design pattern, and that
truly separate presentation from content. The Apache Struts is a formalized
framework for MVC. This framework is best used for complex applications where a
single request or form submission can result in substantially different-looking
results.
# The Java Bean Specification
Answer: As software
developers, we are constantly being asked to build applications in less time
and with less money. And, of course, these applications are expected to be
better and faster than ever before. Object-oriented techniques and component
software environments are in wide use now, in the hope that they can help us
build applications more quickly. Development tools like Microsoft's Visual
Basic have made it easier to build applications faster by taking a
building-block approach to software development. Such tools provide a visual
programming model that allows you to include software components rapidly in
your applications.
The Component Model
Components are self-contained
elements of software that can be controlled dynamically and assembled to form
applications. But that's not the end of it. These components must also
interoperate according to a set of rules and guidelines. They must behave in
ways that are expected. It's like a society of software citizens. The citizens
(components) bring functionality, while the society (environment) brings
structure and order.
JavaBeans is Java's component
model. It allows users to construct applications by piecing components together
either programmatically or visually (or both). Support of visual programming is
paramount to the component model; it's what makes component-based software
development truly powerful.
The model is made up of an
architecture and an API (Application Programming Interface). Together, these
elements provide a structure whereby components can be combined to create an
application. This environment provides services and rules, the framework that
allows components to participate properly. This means that components are
provided with the tools necessary to work in the environment, and they exhibit
certain behaviors that identify them as such. One very important aspect of this
structure is containment. A container provides a context in which components
can interact. A common example would be a panel that provides layout management
or mediation of interactions for visual components. Of course, containers
themselves can be components.
As mentioned previously,
components are expected to exhibit certain behaviors and characteristics in
order to participate in the component structure and to interact with the environment,
as well as with other components. In other words, there are a number of
elements that, when combined, define the component model. These are described
in more detail in the following sections.
Discovery and Registration
Class and interface discovery is
the mechanism used to locate a component at run-time and to determine its
supported interfaces so that these interfaces can be used by others. The
component model must also provide a registration process for a component to
make itself and its interfaces known. The component, along with its supported
interfaces, can then be discovered at run-time. Dynamic (or late) binding
allows components and applications to be developed independently. The
dependency is limited to the "contract" between each component and
the applications that use it; this contract is defined by interfaces that the
component supports. An application does not have to include a component during
the development process in order to use it at run-time; it only needs to know
what the component is capable of doing. Dynamic discovery also allows
developers to update components without having to rebuild the applications that
use them.
This discovery process can also be
used in a design-time environment. In this case, a development tool may be able
to locate a component and make it available for use by the designer. This is
important for visual programming environments, which are discussed later.
Raising and Handling of Events
An event is something of
importance that happens at a specific point in time. An event can take place
due to a user action such as a mouse clickwhen the user clicks a mouse button,
an event takes place. Events can also be initiated by other means. Imagine the
heating system in your house. It contains a thermostat that sets the desired
comfort temperature, keeps track of the current ambient temperature, and
notifies the boiler when its services are required. If the thermostat is set to
keep the room at 70 degrees Fahrenheit, it will notify the boiler to start
producing heat if the temperature dips below that threshold. Components will
send notifications to other objects when an event takes place in which those
objects have expressed an interest.
Persistence
Generally, all components have
state. The thermostat component has state that represents the comfort
temperature. If the thermostat were a software component of a computer-based
heating control system, we would want the value of the comfort temperature to
be stored on a non-volatile storage medium (such as the hard disk). This way if
we shut down the application and brought it back up again, the thermostat
control would still be set to 70 degrees. The visual representation and
position of the thermostat relative to other components in the application
would be restored as well.
Components must be able to
participate in their container's persistence mechanism so that all components
in the application can provide application-wide persistence in a uniform way.
If every component were to implement its own method of persistence, it would be
impossible for an application container to use components in a general way.
This wouldn't be an issue if reuse weren't the goal. If we were building a
monolithic temperature control system we might create an application-specific
mechanism for storing state. But we want to build the thermostat component so
that it can be used again in another application, so we have to use a standard
mechanism for persistence.
Visual Presentation
The component environment allows
the individual components to control most of the aspects of their visual
presentation. For example, imagine that our thermostat component includes a
display of the current ambient temperature. We might want to display the
temperature in different fonts or colors depending on whether we are above,
below, or at the comfort temperature. The component is free to choose the
characteristics of its own visual presentation. Many of these characteristics
will be properties of the component (a topic that will be discussed later).
Some of these visual properties will be persistent, meaning that they represent
some state of the control that will be saved to, and restored from, persistent
storage.
Layout is another important aspect
of visual presentation. This concerns the way in which components are arranged
on the screen, how they relate to one another, and the behavior they exhibit
when the user interacts with them. The container object that holds an assembly
of components usually provides some set of services related to the layout of
the component. Let's consider the thermostat and heating control application
again. This time, the user decides to change the size of the application
window. The container will interact with the components in response to this
action, possibly changing the size of some of the components. In turn, changing
the size of the thermostat component may cause it to alter its font size.
As you can see, the container and
the component work together to provide a single application that presents
itself in a uniform fashion. The application appears to be working as one unit,
even though with the component development model, the container and the
components probably have been created separately by different developers.
Support of Visual Programming
Visual programming is a key part
of the component model. Components are represented in toolboxes or palettes.
The user can select a component from the toolbox and place it into a container,
choosing its size and position. The properties of the component can then be
edited in order to create the desired behavior. Our thermostat control might
present some type of user interface to the application developer to set the
initial comfort temperature. Likewise, the choice of font and color will be
selectable in a similar way. None of these manipulations require a single line
of code to be written by the application developer. In fact, the application
development tool is probably writing the code for you. This is accomplished
through a set of standard interfaces provided by the component environment that
allow the components to publish, or expose, their properties. The development
tool can also provide a means for the developer to manipulate the size and
position of components in relation to each other. The container itself may be a
component and allow its properties to be edited in order to alter its behavior.
The JavaBeans Architecture
JavaBeans is an architecture for
both using and building components in Java. This architecture supports the
features of software reuse, component models, and object orientation. One of
the most important features of JavaBeans is that it does not alter the existing
Java language. If you know how to write software in Java, you know how to use
and create Beans. The strengths of Java are built upon and extended to create
the JavaBeans component architecture.
Although Beans are intended to
work in a visual application development tool, they don't necessarily have a
visual representation at run-time (although many will). What this does mean is
that Beans must allow their property values to be changed through some type of
visual interface, and their methods and events should be exposed so that the
development tool can write code capable of manipulating the component when the
application is executed.
Creating a Bean doesn't require any
advanced concepts. So before I go any further, here is some code that
implements a simple Bean:
public class MyBean implements java.io.Serializable
{
protected int theValue;
public MyBean()
{
}
public void setMyValue(int newValue)
{
theValue = newValue;
}
public int getMyValue()
{
return theValue;
}
}
This is a real Bean named MyBean
that has state (the variable theValue) that
will automatically be saved and restored by the JavaBeans persistence
mechanism, and it has a property named MyValue that is usable by a
visual programming environment. This Bean doesn't have any visual
representation, but that isn't a requirement for a JavaBean component.
JavaSoft is using the slogan
"Write once, use everywhere." Of course "everywhere" means
everywhere the Java run-time environment is available. But this is very
important. What it means is that the entire run-time environment required by
JavaBeans is part of the Java platform. No special libraries or classes have to
be distributed with your components. The JavaBeans class libraries provide a
rich set of default behaviors for simple components (such as the one shown
earlier). This means that you don't have to spend your time building a lot of
support for the Beans environment into your code.
The design goals of JavaBeans are
discussed in Sun's white paper, "Java Beans: A Component Architecture for
Java." This paper can be found on the JavaSoft web site at http://splash.javasoft.com/beans/WhitePaper.html.
It might be interesting to review these goals before we move on to the
technology itself, to provide a little insight into why certain aspects of
JavaBeans are the way they are.
Compact and Easy
JavaBeans components are simple to
create and easy to use. This is an important goal of the JavaBeans
architecture. It doesn't take very much to write a simple Bean, and such a Bean
is lightweightit doesn't have to carry around a lot of inherited baggage just
to support the Beans environment. If a Bean does not require the advanced
features of the architecture, it doesn't get them, nor does it get the code
that goes with them. This is an important concept. The JavaBeans architecture
scales upward in complexity, not downward like other component models. This
means it really is easy to create a simple Bean. (The previous example shows
just how simple a Bean can be.)
Portable
Since JavaBeans components are
built purely in Java, they are fully portable to any platform that supports the
Java run-time environment. All platform specifics, as well as support for
JavaBeans, are implemented by the Java virtual machine. You can be sure that
when you develop a component using JavaBeans it will be usable on all of the
platforms that support Java (version 1.1 and beyond). These range from
workstation applications and web browsers to servers, and even to devices such
as PDAs and set-top boxes.
Leverages the Strengths of the Java Platform
JavaBeans uses the existing Java
class discovery mechanism. This means that there isn't some new complicated
mechanism for registering components with the run-time system.
As shown in the earlier code
example, Beans are lightweight components that are easy to understand. Building
a Bean doesn't require the use of complex extensions to the environment. Many
of the Java supporting classes are Beans, such as the windowing components
found in java.awt.
The Java class libraries provide a
rich set of default behaviors for components. Use of Java Object Serialization
is one examplea component can support the persistence model by implementing
the java.io.Serializable interface. By conforming to a simple set of design
patterns (discussed later in this chapter), you can expose properties without
doing anything more than coding them in a particular style.
Flexible Build-Time Component Editors
Developers are free to create
their own custom property sheets and editors for use with their components if
the defaults aren't appropriate for a particular component. It's possible to
create elaborate property editors for changing the value of specific
properties, as well as create sophisticated property sheets to house those
editors.
Imagine that you have created a Sound class that is capable of playing various sound format
files. You could create a custom property editor for this class that listed all
of the known system sounds in a list. If you have created a specialized color
type called PrimaryColor, you could create a color picker class to be used as
the property editor for PrimaryColor that presented only primary colors as choices.
The JavaBeans architecture also
allows you to associate a custom editor with your component. If the task of
setting the property values and behaviors of your component is complicated, it
may be useful to create a component wizard that guides the user through the
steps. The size and complexity of your component editor is entirely up to you.
JavaBeans Overview
The JavaBeans white paper defines
a Bean as follows:
A Java Bean is a reusable software component that can be
manipulated visually in a builder tool.
Well, if you have to sum it up in
one sentence, this is as good as any. But it's pretty difficult to sum up an
entire component architecture in one sentence. Beans will range greatly in
their features and capabilities. Some will be very simple and others complex;
some will have a visual aspect and others won't. Therefore, it isn't easy to put
all Beans into a single category. Let's take a look at some of the most
important features and issues surrounding Beans. This should set the stage for
the rest of the book, where we will examine the JavaBeans technology in depth.
Properties, Methods, and Events
Properties are attributes of a
Bean that are referenced by name. These properties are usually read and written
by calling methods on the Bean specifically created for that purpose. A
property of the thermostat component mentioned earlier in the chapter could be
the comfort temperature. A programmer would set or get the value of this
property through method calls, while an application developer using a visual
development tool would manipulate the value of this property using a visual
property editor.
The methods of a Bean are just the
Java methods exposed by the class that implements the Bean. These methods
represent the interface used to access and manipulate the component. Usually,
the set of public methods defined by the class will map directly to the
supported methods for the Bean, although the Bean developer can choose to
expose only a subset of the public methods.
Events are the mechanism used by
one component to send notifications to another. One component can register its
interest in the events generated by another. Whenever the event occurs, the
interested component will be notified by having one of its methods invoked. The
process of registering interest in an event is carried out simply by calling
the appropriate method on the component that is the source of the event. In
turn, when an event occurs a method will be invoked on the component that
registered its interest. In most cases, more than one component can register
for event notifications from a single source. The component that is interested
in event notifications is said to be listening for the event.
Introspection
Introspection is the process of
exposing the properties, methods, and events that a JavaBean component
supports. This process is used at run-time, as well as by a visual development
tool at design-time. The default behavior of this process allows for the
automatic introspection of any Bean. A low-level reflection mechanism is used
to analyze the Bean's class to determine its methods. Next it applies some
simple design patterns to determine the properties and events that are
supported. To take advantage of reflection, you only need to follow a coding
style that matches the design pattern. This is an important feature of
JavaBeans. It means that you don't have to do anything more than code your
methods using a simple convention. If you do, your Beans will automatically
support introspection without you having to write any extra code. Design
patterns are explained in more detail later in the chapter.
This technique may not be sufficient
or suitable for every Bean. Instead, you can choose to implement a BeanInfo
class which provides descriptive information about its associated Bean
explicitly. This is obviously more work than using the default behavior, but it
might be necessary to describe a complex Bean properly. It is important to note
that the BeanInfo class is separate from the Bean that it is describing. This
is done so that it is not necessary to carry the baggage of the BeanInfo within
the Bean itself.
If you're writing a development
tool, an Introspector class is provided as part of the Beans class library.
You don't have to write the code to accomplish the analysis, and every tool
vendor uses the same technique to analyze a Bean. This is important to us as
programmers because we want to be able to choose our development tools and know
that the properties, methods, and events that are exposed for a given component
will always be the same.
Customization
When you are using a visual
development tool to assemble components into applications, you will be
presented with some sort of user interface for customizing Bean attributes.
These attributes may affect the way the Bean operates or the way it looks on
the screen. The application tool you use will be able to determine the
properties that a Bean supports and build a property sheet dynamically. This
property sheet will contain editors for each of the properties supported by the
Bean, which you can use to customize the Bean to your liking. The Beans class
library comes with a number of property editors for common types such as float, boolean, and String. If you are using custom classes for properties, you
will have to create custom property editors to associate with them.
In some cases the default property
sheet that is created by the development tool will not be good enough. You may
be working with a Bean that is just too complex to customize easily using the
default sheet. Beans developers have the option of creating a customizer that
can help the user to customize an instance of their Bean. You can even create
smart wizards that guide the user through the customization process.
Customizers are also kept separate
from the Bean class so that it is not a burden to the Bean when it is not being
customized. This idea of separation is a common theme in the JavaBeans
architecture. A Bean class only has to implement the functionality it was
designed for; all other supporting features are implemented separately.
Persistence
It is necessary that Beans support
a large variety of storage mechanisms. This way, Beans can participate in the
largest number of applications. The simplest way to support persistence is to
take advantage of Java Object Serialization. This is an automatic mechanism for
saving and restoring the state of an object. Java Object Serialization is the
best way to make sure that your Beans are fully portable, because you take
advantage of a standard feature supported by the core Java platform. This,
however, is not always desirable. There may be cases where you want your Bean
to use other file formats or mechanisms to save and restore state. In the
future, JavaBeans will support an alternative externalization mechanism that
will allow the Bean to have complete control of its persistence mechanism.
Design-Time vs. Run-Time
JavaBeans components must be able
to operate properly in a running application as well as inside an application
development environment. At design-time the component must provide the design
information necessary to edit its properties and customize its behavior. It also
has to expose its methods and events so that the design tool can write code
that interacts with the Bean at run-time. And, of course, the Bean must support
the run-time environment.
Visibility
There is no requirement that a
Bean be visible at run-time. It is perfectly reasonable for a Bean to perform
some function that does not require it to present an interface to the user; the
Bean may be controlling access to a specific device or data feed. However, it
is still necessary for this type of component to support the visual application
builder. The component can have properties, methods, and events, have
persistent state, and interact with other Beans in a larger application. An
"invisible" run-time Bean may be shown visually in the application development
tool, and may provide custom property editors and customizers.
Multithreading
The issue of multithreading is no
different in JavaBeans than it is in conventional Java programming. The
JavaBeans architecture doesn't introduce any new language constructs or classes
to deal with threading. You have to assume that your code will be used in a
multithreaded application. It is your responsibility to make sure your Beans
are thread-safe. Java makes this easier than in most languages, but it still
requires some careful planning to get it right. Remember, thread-safe means
that your Bean has anticipated its use by more than one thread at a time and
has handled the situation properly.
Security
Beans are subjected to the same
security model as standard Java programs. You should assume that your Bean is
running in an untrusted applet. You shouldn't make any design decisions that
require your Bean to be run in a trusted environment. Your Bean may be
downloaded from the World Wide Web into your browser as part of someone else's
applet. All of the security restrictions apply to Beans, such as denying access
to the local file system, and limiting socket connections to the host system
from which the applet was downloaded.
If your Bean is intended to run
only in a Java application on a single computer, the Java security constraints
do not apply. In this case you might allow your Bean to behave differently. Be
careful, because the assumptions you make about security could render your Bean
useless in a networked environment.
Using Design Patterns
The JavaBeans architecture makes
use of patterns that represent standard conventions for names, and type
signatures for collections of methods and interfaces. Using coding standards is
always a good idea because it makes your code easier to understand, and
therefore easier to maintain. It also makes it easier for another programmer to
understand the purpose of the methods and interfaces used by your component. In
the JavaBeans architecture, these patterns have even more significance. A set of
simple patterns are used by the default introspection mechanism to analyze your
Bean and determine the properties, methods, and events that are supported.
These patterns allow the visual development tools to analyze your Bean and use
it in the application being created. The following code fragment shows one such
pattern:
public void setTemperatureColor(Color newColor)
{
. . .
}
public Color getTemperatureColor()
{
. . .
}
These two methods together use a
pattern that signifies that the Bean contains a property named TemperatureColor
of type Color. No extra development is required to expose the
property. The various patterns that apply to Beans development will be pointed
out and discussed throughout this book. I'll identify each pattern where the associated
topic is being discussed.
NOTE: The use of the term "design pattern" here
may be confusing to some readers. This term is commonly used to describe the
practice of documenting a reusable design in object-oriented software. This is
not entirely different than the application of patterns here. In this case, the
design of the component adheres to a particular convention, and this convention
is reused to solve a particular problem.
As mentioned earlier, this
convention is not a requirement. You can implement a specific BeanInfo class
that fully describes the properties, methods, and events supported by your
Bean. In this case, you can name your methods anything you please.
JavaBeans vs. ActiveX
JavaBeans is certainly not the
first component architecture to come along. Microsoft's ActiveX technology is
based upon COM, their component object model. ActiveX offers an alternative
component architecture for software targeted at the various Windows platforms.
So how do you choose one of these technologies over the other? Organizational,
cultural, and technical issues all come into play when making this decision.
ActiveX and JavaBeans are not mutually exclusive of each otherMicrosoft has
embraced Java technology with products like Internet Explorer and Visual J++,
and Sun seems to have recognized that the desktop is dominated by Windows and
has targeted Win32 as a strategic platform for Java. It is not in anyone's best
interest to choose one technology to the exclusion of another. Both are
powerful component technologies. I think we should choose a technology because
it supports the work we are doing, and does so in a way that meets the needs of
the customer.
The most important question is how
Beans will be used by containers that are designed specifically to contain
ActiveX controls. Certainly, all Beans will not also be ActiveX controls by
default. To address the need to integrate Beans into the world of ActiveX, an ActiveX Bridge is available that maps the
properties, methods, and events exposed by the Bean into the corresponding
mechanisms in COM. This topic is covered in detail in Chapter 11, ActiveX.
#
Business Logic
Answer:
# A
Simple Bean
Answer: In this section you will learn more about beans by
performing the following actions:
·
Creating a simple bean
·
Compiling the bean
·
Generating a Java Archive (JAR) file
·
Loading the bean into the GUI Builder of the
NetBeans IDE
·
Inspecting the bean's properties and events
Your bean
will be named SimpleBean. Here are
the steps to create it:
Write the SimpleBean code. Put it in a
file named SimpleBean.java, in the
directory of your choice. Here's the code:
import java.awt.Color;
import java.beans.XMLDecoder;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import java.io.Serializable;
public class SimpleBean extends JLabel
implements Serializable {
public
SimpleBean() {
setText( "Hello world!" );
setOpaque( true );
setBackground( Color.RED );
setForeground( Color.YELLOW );
setVerticalAlignment( CENTER );
setHorizontalAlignment( CENTER );
}
}
SimpleBean extends the javax.swing.JLabel
graphic component and inherits its properties, which makes the SimpleBean a
visual component. SimpleBean also
implements the java.io.Serializable
interface. Your bean may implement either the Serializable or the Externalizable interface.
Create a manifest,
the JAR file, and the class file SimpleBean.class. Use the
Apache Ant tool to create these files. Apache Ant is a Java-based build tool
that enables you to generate XML-based configurations files as follows:
<?xml
version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<project
default="build">
<dirname
property="basedir" file="${ant.file}"/>
<property name="beanname" value="SimpleBean"/>
<property
name="jarfile" value="${basedir}/${beanname}.jar"/>
<target
name="build" depends="compile">
<jar
destfile="${jarfile}" basedir="${basedir}"
includes="*.class">
<manifest>
<section name="${beanname}.class">
<attribute name="Java-Bean" value="true"/>
</section>
</manifest>
</jar>
</target>
<target
name="compile">
<javac destdir="${basedir}">
<src location="${basedir}"/>
</javac>
</target>
<target
name="clean">
<delete file="${jarfile}">
<fileset dir="${basedir}" includes="*.class"/>
</delete>
</target>
</project>
It is recommended to save an XML script in the build.xml file, because Ant recognizes this file name
automatically.
1. Load the JAR
file. Use the NetBeans IDE GUI Builder to load the jar file as follows:
1. Start
NetBeans.
2. From the File
menu select "New Project" to create a new application for your bean.
You can use "Open Project" to add your bean to an existing
application.
3. Create a new
application using the New Project Wizard.
4. Select a
newly created project in the List of Projects, expand the Source Packages node,
and select the Default Package element.
5. Click the
right mouse button and select New|JFrameForm from the pop-up menu.
6. Select the
newly created Form node in the Project Tree. A blank form opens in the GUI
Builder view of an Editor tab.
7. Open the
Palette Manager for Swing/AWT components by selecting Palette Manager in the
Tools menu.
8. In the
Palette Manager window select the beans components in the Palette tree and
press the "Add from JAR" button.
9. Specify a
location for your SimpleBean JAR file and follow the Add from JAR Wizard
instructions.
10. Select the
Palette and Properties options from the Windows menu.
11. Expand the
beans group in the Palette window. The SimpleBean object appears. Drag the
SimpleBean object to the GUI Builder panel.
#
Using The Bean
Answer:
bean
name = the name that refers to the bean.
Bean
class = name of the java class that defines the bean.
<jsp:setProperty
name = “id” property = “someProperty” value = “someValue”
/>
id
= the name of the bean as specified in the useBean tag.
property
= name of the property to be passed to the bean.
value
= value of that particular property .
An
variant for this tag is the property attribute can be replaced by an “ *
”. What this does is that it accepts all the form parameters and thus reduces
the need for writing multiple setProperty tags. The only consideration is that
the form parameter names should be the same as that of the bean property names.
<jsp:getProperty
name = “id” property = “someProperty” />
BEAN SCOPES
:
These defines
the range and lifespan of the bean.
The different
options are :
Page scope :
Any object
whose scope is the page will disappear as soon as the current page finishes
generating. The object with a page scope may be modified as often as desired
within the particular page but the changes are lost as soon as the page exists.
By default all
beans have page scope.
Request
scope :
Any objects
created in the request scope will be available as long as the request object
is. For example if the JSP page uses an jsp:forward tag, then the bean
should be applicable in the forwarded JSP also, if the scope defined is of
Request scope.
The Session
scope :
In JSP terms,
the data associated with the user has session scope. A session does not
correspond directly to the user; rather, it corresponds with a particular
period of time the user spends at a site. Typically, this period is defined as
all the visits a user makes to a site between starting and existing his browser.
# Using
The Bean in a Servlet
Answer:
#
Using the Bean in a JSP
Answer: To use a bean in a JSP page, three attributes must
be supplied - an id, which provides a local name for the bean, the bean's class
name, which is used to instantiate the bean if it does not exit, and a scope,
which specifies the lifetime of the bean.
There are
four scopes available - page, request, session, and application. A page-scoped
bean is available only within the JSP page and is destroyed when the page has
finished generating its output for the request. A request-scoped bean is
destroyed when the response is sent. A session-scoped bean is destroyed when
the session is destroyed. An application-scoped bean is destroyed when the web
application is destroyed.
This example
retrieves a session-scoped bean and makes it available using the id myBean. The bean is automatically created if it
does not exist:
<jsp:useBean id="myBean" class="com.mycompany.MyBean"
scope="session" />
If it is necessary to initialize the bean after it is created, the
initialization code can be placed in the body of the jsp:useBean action. The body will not be executed if
the bean already exists. Here is an example:
<jsp:useBean id="myBean2" class="com.mycompany.MyBean"
scope="session">
<%-- this body is executed only if the bean is created --%>
<%-- intialize bean properties --%>
<jsp:setProperty name="myBean2" property="prop1"
value="123" />
The value of a bean property can be included in the generated output
using the jsp:getProperty action:
<jsp:getProperty name="myBean" property="prop1"
/>
<jsp:getProperty name="myBean" property="prop2"
/>
The jsp:useBean action also
declares a local Java variable to hold the bean object. The name of the local
variable is exactly the value of the id attribute. Here is an example that
accesses the bean within a scriptlet:
<%
if
(myBean.getProp1() % 2 == 0) {
out.println("<font
color=\"red\">"+myBean.getProp1()+"</font>");
}
else {
out.println("<font
color=\"green\">"+myBean.getProp1()+"</font>");
}
%>
#
Loading Properties form a Form
#
Issues with Tag Libraries
